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Glossary General: Phytochemical Glossary P

Phytochemical Glossary

PABA(para-Aminobenzoic Acid):[150-13-0]
See p-Aminobenzoic acid.

pachycaul:
of trees, with particularly stout trunk and branches, cf. leptocaul. .

palea:
in a grass floret, the upper of the two bracts enclosing a flower, possibly a prophyll/bracteole, cf. glume (of a spikelet), lemma, lodicule. .

palisade:
especially of leaf mesophyll, but of tissues in general, where the cells are elongated, closely packed, and upright, cf. spongy. .

palmate:
a once-compound leaf divided into several leaflets which arise at the same point, there being no rachis, cf. pinnate. .

palmatifid:
of a leaf, deeply (but not completely) divided into several lobes which arise (almost) at the same level, cf. pinnatifid. .

palmate:
of venation, a general term used in the descriptions for situations where there is a more or less well developed midrib and the secondary veins depart at the base, but are not notably close and do not converge at the apex, see acrodromous, actinodromous, cf. parallel, pinnate. .

palmatinerved
= actinodromous venation in particular, palmate venation in general. .

palmatisect:
a condition intermediate between palmate and palmatifid, with the green tissue of the lamina completely divided into several segments, but the segments not fully separated at the base. .

palmitic acid:
a 16-carbon saturated fatty acid found in most fats and oils, particularly associated with stearic acid.
Synonyms: 1-Pentadecanecarboxylic acid; Hexadecylic acid; Palmitic acid; n-Hexadecanoic Acid;
Formula: C₁₆ H₃₂ O₂. Molecular Weight: 256.4276 CAS RN:57-10-3 Melting Point: 62. ACX Number:X1000917-1. Density0.852 Flashing Point:206 Boiling Point:271.4 at 100 mm Hg

Palmitoleic acid:[2091-29-4]
Synonyms:9-Hexadecenoic acid;palmitoleate;palmitoleic acid, (E)-isomer;palmitoleic acid, (Z)-isomer;palmitoleic acid, potassium salt, (Z)-isomer;palmitoleic acid, sodium salt, (Z)-isomer
CAS Type 1 Name:9-hexadecenoic acid
Formula: C₁₆ H₃₀ O₂. Molecular Weight:254.4118 CAS RN:2091-29-4

Palustrine:[22324-44-3]
Synonyms:Palustrine
Chemical Name: Pyrido(2,1-d)(1,5,9)triazacyclotridecin-2(3H)-one, 1,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,13,14,16a-dodecahydro-13-(1-hydroxypropyl)-, (13S-(13R*(R*),16aR*))-
Formula: C₁₇ H₃₁N₃O₂ CAS RN:22324-44-3

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palynology:
the scientific study of pollen. .

p-Aminobenzoic acid:[150-13-0]
Synonyms:1-amino-4-carboxybenzene; P-AMINOBENOZOIC ACID; 4-Aminobenzoic acid; p-carboxyaniline; p-carboxyphenylamine; Paraminol; Paranate; Amben; anticanitic vitamin; Anti-chromotrichia factor; Bacterial Vitamin H; bacterial vitamin h1; Chromotrichia factor; PAB; PABA; pabanol; Papacidium; Sunbrella; trichromogenic factor; Vitamin Bx; gamma-aminobenzoic acid;
CAS Type 1 Name:Super Shade by Coppertone;Trichochromogenic factor;Vitamin BX;Vitamin H';p-Aminobenzoic acid;p-Carboxyaniline;p-Carboxyphenylamine;para-Aminobenzoic acid;1-Amino-4-carboxybenzene;4-27-00-07875 (Beilstein Handbook Reference);4-Aminobenzoic acid;4-Carboxyaniline;AI3-02436;Acido p-aminobenzoico [Italian];Acidum paraminobenzoicum;Amben;Anti-chromotrichia factor;Anticanitic vitamin;BRN 0471605;Bacterial vitamin H1;Benzoic acid, 4-amino-;Benzoic acid, p-amino-
Equivalent Terms:p-Aminobenzoic Acid;PABA;para-Aminobenzoic Acid;4-Aminobenzoic Acid

Formula:C₇H₇NO₂. CAS RN:150-13-0 Other RN:8014-65-1M.W.:137.1378 g/mol Melting Point.:188.5~189 deg C Water Solubility:6110 mg/L 30

Note:A member of the VITAMIN B COMPLEX. It used to be a common sunscreening agent until found to also be a sensitizer. The potassium salt is used therapeutically in fibrotic skin disorders.

Pangamic acid:[13149-69-4]
Synonyms:Dimethyl-amino-acetylgluconic acid;EINECS 236-088-4;Kyselina pangamova [Czech];Pangamic acid;Vitamin B15
CAS Type 1 Name: 6-(Bis(bis(isopropyl)amino)acetate)-D-gluconic acid;D-Gluconic acid, 6-(bis(1-methylethyl)amino)acetate);Gluconic acid, 6-(bis(diisopropylamino)acetate);Pangamic acid
Formula:C₂₀H₄₀N₂O₈. CAS RN:13149-69-4 Other RN:14513-57-6

panicle:
of an inflorescence, a compound raceme, an indeterminate inflorescence in which the flowers are borne on branches of the main axis or on further branches of these, adj. paniculate, indeterminate and much branched, cf. also corymb, fascicle, spadix, spike, thyrse, umbel. .

panto-:
of a pollen grains with apertures, usually more than three, globally over the surface of the grain, cf. poly-, as in polycolpate. .

Pantothenic acid:[79-83-4]
Synonyms:(D,+)-N(alpha-gamma-Dihydroxy-beta,beta-dimethylbutyryl)-beta-alanine;4-04-00-02569 (Beilstein Handbook Reference);BRN 1727064;Chick antidermatitis factor;D(+)-N-(2,4-Dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutyryl)-beta-alanine;D-Pantothenic acid;EINECS 201-229-0;HSDB 1020;Kyselina pantothenova [Czech] ;N-(2,4-Dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutyryl)-beta-alanine;Pantothenic acid;Vitamin B5;beta-Alanine, N-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutyl)-,(R)-
CAS Type 1 Name:beta-Alanine, N-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutyl)-,(R)- (9CI)
Formula:C₉H₁₇NO₅. CAS RN:79-83-4 Other RN:3563-85-7M.W.:219.237

papaverine:
an isoquinoline alkaloid. .

papilionoid:
of a monosymmetric flower, butterfly-like, with keel, standard, and wings, cf. bilabiate, personate, slit-monosymmetric. .

papilla:
a small, elongated protuberance on the surface of an organ, usually projection from an epidermal cell, adj. papillose. .

pappus:
a tuft of hairs on a fruit; in Asteraceae, a tuft (or ring) of hairs or scales borne above the inferior ovary and outside the corolla and possibly representing the calyx. .

papyraceous:
like parchment in texture, cf. chaffy, chartaceous, coriaceous, scarious. .

para-Aminobenzoic Acid:[150-13-0]
See p-Aminobenzoic acid.

paracarpous:
of a syncarpous gynoecium where the carpellary units are congenitally united only by their margins, the placentation thus being parietal, cf. coenocarpous. .

paraclade:
lateral branches of a synflorescence which has the same structure as the whole inflorescence, cf. coflorescence, enrichment zone, florescence, cf. also inflorescence. .

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paracytic:
of stomata, with two cells surrounding and parallel to the guard cells, cf. laterocylic, brachyparacytic, see also actinocytic, allelocytic, anisocytic, anomocytic, cyclocytic, diacytic, helicocytic, laterocytic, staurocytic, tetracytic. .

parallel:
of leaf venation, as used in the descriptions a general term for leaves in which there are several veins approximately equal in prominence that run more or less parallel the length of the blade, whether initially recurved or not or converging at the apex of the blade or not, inc. actinodromous, paralleldromous, cf. palmate, pinnate. .

parallelocytic:
of stomata, with an alternating complex of three or more C-shaped subsidiary cells of graded sizes parallel to guard cells, i.e., a variant of allelocytic, cf. diallelocytic. .

parallelodromous:
of leaf venation, with all veins approximately equal in prominence and running closely parallel to the apex of the blade, cf. acrodromous, actinodromous, brochidodromous, campylodromous, craspedodromous, dichotomous, eucamptodromous, flabellate, semicraspedodromous, simple-craspedodromous. .

parapatric:
of distributions of two taxa or populations, having non-overlapping but contiguous ranges, cf. allopatric, sympatric. .

paraphyletic:
a taxon made up of members which, given a particular phylogenetic tree and classification based on it, include only but not all the descendents a common ancestor, likely to be a grade, cf. monophyletic, polyphyletic. .

parasite:
a heterotroph living on or in a different organism and deriving nourishment from it, see facultative, obligate, cf. hemiparasite, hyperparasite, mycotroph, saprophyte, also biotroph and necrotroph, cf. saprophyte. .

parasorbic acid:
a lactone. .

parastichy:
a spiral linking primordia by some constant in their order of development, see contact parastichy, genetic spiral, cf. orthostichy. .

paratact:
of cochleate aestivation, the petal with its two edges outside those of the adjacent petals immediately next to the one with the two edges both inside, cf. ascending, descending, and apotact. .

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paratracheal:
of axial parenchyma, associated with the vessels, cf. apotracheal, see aliform, banded. .

parenchyma:
plant tissue consisting of little-elongated living cells that are relatively compactly arranged and unspecialised in function and usually have cellulosic walls, sometimes rather more elongated and with tapering ends (and then called prosenchyma), cf. aerenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, see also xylem parenchyma. .

parenchyma sheath:
a parenchymatous, single-layered bundle sheath surrounding a vascular bundle, homologous to the endodermis, cf. mestome sheath, starch sheath. .

parietal:
attached to the margins of a structure; of placentation, having the ovules attached to placentae on the wall of the ovary, cf. apical, axile, basal, free central, intrusive-parietal, laminar, marginal. .

parietal cell:
of ovule, development, referring to the cell(s) cut off from the archesporial cell(s) prior to meiosis and forming part of the nucellus (in the ovule) and the endothecium (in the anther). .

paripinnate
= even pinnate. .

Paris-type arbuscular mycorrhiza:
an arbuscular mycorrhiza association between a fungus and a plant root where the fungal hyphae form coils and arbusculate coils within the plant cell, see also Arum type. .

-partite:
divided almost to the base into segments (commonly applied to a style or leaf blade). .

parthenocarpy:
development of a mature fruit without fertilisation of ovules. .

p-coumaric acid:
a hydroxy acid derived from L-phenylyalanine, involved in formation of phenylpropanoids, readily convertible into salicylic acid.

Coumaric acid, C9 H8 O3. p-coumaric acid

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passage cells:
cells of the endodermis opposite the protoxylem that remain thin-walled and retain their Casparian band, or a similar cell in the exodermis. .

patent
= erect. .

patrinoside:
a route II iridoid .

pauci- (prefix):
few. .

paxillate:
of fine venation in which the areoles occur in oriented fields, often appearing as if laid down by a series of brush strokes. .

p-cymene:
See Cymene .

pearl gland:
a small sessile spherical multicellular gland, cf. colleter, dendritic, malpighiaceous, pearl gland, snail gland, stellate, T-shaped hair. .

pectin:
a highly hydrophilic polysaccharide built up of monomers of alpha-galacturonic acid, an important component of cell walls, cf. callose, cellulose, hemicellulose, inulin, starch. .

pectinate:
comb-like. .

pedate:
of a palmate or palmately-lobed leaf, having the lateral segments divided again. .

pedicel:
the "stalk" of a flower, i.e. the basal part of the ultimate branch of the inflorescence, often subtended by a bract and bearing one or two bracteole(s), cf. inflorescence axis, peduncle, rachis, rachilla. .

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peduncle:
that part of the axis of an inflorescence below the insertion of any flowers or inflorescence branches and above the uppermost node with a foliage leaf or leaves, loosely, the "stalk" of the inflorescence, and in that sense to be compared with the pedicel, the "stalk" of the flower, see also scape, cf. inflorescence axis, rachis, rachilla. .

pelargonidin:
an anthocyanin. .

Pelletierine[2858-66-4]:
Synonyms:1-(2-Piperidinyl)-2-propanone;2-Acetonylpiperidine;2-Propanone, 1-(2-piperidyl)-;5-21-06-00522 (Beilstein Handbook Reference);BRN 0080973;EINECS 220-673-6;Pelletierine, (R)-(-)-;Punicine
Formula: C₈ H₁₅NO. CAS RN:2858-66-4 CAS Type 1 Name:(R)-1-(2-Piperidyl)acetone;Pelletierine Boiling Point:195 deg C

pellucid:
transparent. .

peloria:
of a flower, although polysymmetric, in its immediate phylogenetic and/or morphological context, it would be expected to be monosymmetric, e.g. flowers of some species of Plantaginaceae, including the flowers of the eponymous mutant of Linaria vulgaris, or the terminal flowers borne at the end of a raceme in Digitalis purpurea. .

peltate:
of any stalked structures, having the stalk attached to the lower surface, not to the margin. .

Penaea:
an embryo sac type, the types based on variation in megasporogensis and megagametogenesis, tetrasporic, 16-celled (all haploid, four peripheral groups of three cells each and four polar cells), cf. Adoxa, Allium, Drusa, Endymion, Fritillaria, Oenothera, Peperomia, Plumbagella, Plumbago, Polygonum. .

pendulous:
drooping; of ovules, especially those attached at or near the apex of the loculus and so borne pendulous on an apical placenta, cf. erect. .

penicillate:
tufted, rather like an artist's brush. .

penninerved
= pinnate venation. .

penta- (prefix):
five of whatever is qualified by the prefix. .

Pentadecane [629-62-9]:
Synonyms:n-Pentadecane; pentadecane; Pentadecane-d32; pentadecane (n);
Formula: C₁₅ H₃₂. Molecular Weight:212.4178 CAS RN:629-62-9 Melting Point:9.9. ACX Number:X1007190-8. Boiling Point:270.63. Refractive Index:1.4319 Flashing Point:132

Pentadecanoic Acid [1002-84-2]:
Synonyms:n-Pentadecane; pentadecane; Pentadecane-d32; pentadecane (n);
Formula: C₅ H₃₀ O₂. Molecular Weight:242.4008 CAS RN:1002-84-2 Melting Point:51 - 53 . ACX Number:X1007191-5. Boiling Point:339. RETCS:RZ1925000

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pentamerous:
especially of a flower, having five segments or parts in each perianth whorl, often stamens in five or multiples of five, and quite often carpels also, cf. tetramerous and trimerous in particular.

Pentenal [31424-04-1]:
Synonyms:5-Ethyl-5-cyclopentenyl-barbituric acid; Pentenal
Formula: C₅ H₈ O. Molecular Weight:242.4008 CAS RN:31424-04-1

pentose:
a five-carbon sugar, e.g. xylose, cf. hexose. .

Peperomia:
an embryo sac type, the types based on variation in megasporogensis and megagametogenesis, tetrasporic, 16-nucleate (all haploid, 8 polar, 6 peripheral-antipodal, 2 polar), cf. Adoxa, Allium, Drusa, Endymion, Fritillaria, Oenothera, Penaea, Plumbagella, Plumbago, Polygonum. .

pepo:
not used here, a fruit (derived from an inferior ovary) that has a firm skin, pulpy interior, many seeds and a single locule, as in some cucurbits, a kind of berry. .

Peptide:
a chain of amino acids. A protein is made up of one or more peptides.

Peptide hormones:
hormones that are proteins, as opposed to steroid hormones, which are made from cholesterol. Insulin is an example of a peptide hormone.

perennating:
maintaining a dormant, vegetative state throughout the non-growing seasons. .

perennial:
of plant duration, a plant whose life span extends over more than two growing seasons, cf. annual, biennial, ephemeral, of flowering with respect to architecture, hapaxanthic, monocarpic, pleonanthic .

perfect:
a flower with functional stamens and carpels, cf. imperfect, cf. also carpellate, neuter, staminate, cf. also androdioecious, andromonoecious, dioecious, gynodioecious, gynomonoecious, monoecious. .

perfoliate:
of a sessile leaf or bract, completely encircling and adnate to the stem which appears to grow through it, cf. amplexicaul. .

perforation plate:
of a vessel in particular, the end wall between vessel elements that is variously broken down, see scalariform, simple. .

Perhydroxyl radical[3170-83-0]
Synonyms: perhydroxyl radical, anion (1-);peroxyl radical;Hydroperoxo
CAS Type 1 Name:Peroxyl radical;Perhydroxyl radical Formula:H-O₂. CAS RN:3170-83-0 Other RN:12280-99-8

peri- (prefix):
surrounding. .

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perianth:
a single whorl of non-fertile parts surrounding the fertile organs of a flower (see perigon(e)), or collectively the calyx and corolla, or all the protective parts surrounding the flower, and although often also used where there are two similar whorls, the term tepal is then to be preferred (see also semaphyll), cf. androecium, gynoecium, see achlamydeous, dichlamydeous, heterochlamydeous, homochlamydeous, monochlamydeous (use of these can generally be avoided). .

periblem:
a now little-used term for the middle of the three histogen layers that were supposed to make up the apical meristem, giving rise to the cortex, cf. dermatogen and plerome. .

pericarp:
the wall of a fruit, developed from the ovary/carpel wall, see endocarp, exocarp, mesocarp. .

pericarpel:
the stem tissue surrounding the carpels, as in Cactaceae-Opuntioideae. .

periclinal:
e.g. of cell walls, those parallel to the surface, cf. anticlinal. .

pericycle:
the outermost part of the stele, often parenchymatous, but fibers and/or sclereids are often also found in this general area. .

periderm:
all the tissue derived from the activity of the cork cambium, i.e. the cork and phelloderm, see also rhytidome, cf. epidermis, ground tissue, vascular tissue. .

perigenous:
of stomatal ontogeny in which the subsidiary cells are not produced from the same cell (meristemoid, initial) that gives rise to the guard cell initials, cf. mesogenous, mesoperigenous. .

perigon(e), perigonium:
a collective term used to refer to the two whorls of an undifferentiated perianth when these cannot be distinguished, cf. tepals. .

Perilla alcohol [536-59-4] :
Para-mentha-1,8-dien-7-ol; Dihydrocuminic alcohol; Hydrocumin alcohol; Iso-carveol; L(-)-Perillyl alcohol; Perilla alcohol; Perillyl alcohol; (-)-Perillyl alcohol; Perillol;4-isopropenyl-cyclohex-1-ene-1-methanol;cyclohex-1-ene-1-methanol, 4(1-methylethenyl);dihydrocuminyl alcohol;NSC 641066;p-mentha-1,8-dien-7-ol;perilla alcohol, (R)-isomer;perilla alcohol, (S)-isomer;perillyl alcohol
CAS Type 1 Name:1-Cyclohexene-1-methanol, 4-(1-methylethenyl)-;4-Isopropenylcyclohex-1-en-1-ylmethanol ;p-Mentha-1,8-dien-7-ol
Chemical Name:Perilla alcohol Formula: C₁₀ H₁₆O. Molecular Weight:152.2358 CAS RN:536-59-4 Other RN:1406-56-0 66141-69-3 7644-38-4

Perillaldehyde [2111-75-3] :
4-mentha-1,8-dien-7-al;p-mentha-1,8-dien-7-al;perilla aldehyde;perillaldehyde, (+)-isomer;1-Cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde, 4-(1-methylethenyl)- ; 1-Cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde, 4-isopropenyl-;4-(1-Methylethenyl)-1-cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde;4-Isopropenyl-1-cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde;CCRIS 9128;Dihydrocuminyl aldehyde;EINECS 218-302-8;FEMA No. 3557;NSC 138642;P-Mentha-1,8-dien-7-al;Perilla aldehyde;Perillal;Perillaldehyde;Perillic aldehyde;Perillyl aldehyde;p-Mentha-1,8-dien-7-al (natural);para-Mentha-1,8-dien-7-al
CAS Type 1 Name:1-Cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde, 4-(1-methylethenyl)-; 1-Cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde, 4-isopropenyl- ;4-Isopropenylcyclohex-1-enecarbaldehyde
Chemical Name:Perillaldehyde Formula: C₁₀ H₁₄O. Molecular Weight:150.22 CAS RN:2111-75-3 Other RN:21090-66-4 6611-91-2

periporate
of pollen grains in which... .

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perigynium:
the sac-like prophyll that surrounds the carpellate flower of Carex, see utricle, which is then a kind of anthocarp. .

perigynous:
of floral architecture, stamens and perianth arising from a cup or tube (hypanthium) that is free from the ovary but extends above its base, cf. epigynous, hypogynous, see also inferior, superior. .

perisperm:
diploid nutritive tissue in an angiospermous seed, derived from nucellar tissue, cf. chalazosperm, chalazal cyst, endosperm, primary endosperm. .

persistent:
remaining attached to the plant, albeit withered, beyond the expected time of falling, e.g. of sepals not falling after flowering, cf. accrescent, caducuous, deciduous, deliquescent, fugacious, marcescent. .

personate:
a monosymmetric flower with a bilabiate corolla in which the adaxial lip is arched and the abaxial lip is well-developed and pressed against it, so when pressed the corolla opens to look like the mopen mouth of some animal (remember snapdragons!), cf. papilionoid, slit-monosymmetric. .

perula, pl. perulae:
a bud scale, a reduced often scale-like leaf surrounding a bud, the term perulate, referring to such a bud, is often contrasted with naked. .

petal:
a member of the corolla, the inner whorl of non-fertile parts surrounding the fertile organs of a flower, usually soft and coloured conspicuously, cf. sepal. .

petalomania
= doubling of petals. .

petaloid:
like a petal, soft in texture and conspicuously coloured. .

petiole:
the stalk of a leaf, i.e. that part below the blade or, if the leaf is compond, below the point of insertion of the lowest leaflets or rachis branches, cf. hyperphyll, lamina, leaf base, stipule. .

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petiolule:
the stalk of a leaflet, cf. stipel. .

petroselinic acid:
a mono-unsaturated fatty acid with the double bond in the delta-6 position.

Petroselinic acid, C18 H34 O2. petroselenic acid

pH:
a measure of acidity or alkalinity. .

phalange:
a bundle made up several similar structures fused together, e.g. a phalangiate androecium, cf. diadelphous, fascicle, monadelphous, syngenesious. .

phanerocotylar:
of germination, when the cotyledon/s is/are exposed and photosynthetic, whether or not the hypocotyl is elongated, cf. cryptocotylar, see also epigeal, hypogeal (hypocotyl/epicotyl development, not synonyms of the first pair). .

phanerogam:
(literally) a plant with conspicuous reproductive parts, a plant with seeds as its main dispersal units, cf. cryptogam. .

phanerophyte:
of life forms, plants with resting buds 25 cm or more above the surface of the ground, cf. chamaephyte, cryptophyte (geophyte, helophyte, hydrophyte), hemicryptophyte, therophyte, see also habit. .

phaseollin:
a phytoalexin that is a kind of isoflavonoid (a pterocarpan).

Phellandrene [99-83-2]
See alpha-Phellandrene or Beta-Phellandrene

phellem
= cork. .

phelloderm:
tissue derived from the activity of the cork cambium, the cells being parenchymatous (usually) and cut off internally, cf. cork. .

phellogen
= cork cambium. .

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