MDidea Exporting Division:Online Glossary:General Glossary R




	raceme Botany: a type of inflorescence consisting of a primary axis bearing stalked flowers,Form of INFLORESCENCE with several single flowers growing on individual small stems and along a larger main stem.A particular type of arrangement of flowers on a main axis or stem. Flowers with a raceme arrangement have single stalks arranged along a common axis (e.g., lily-of-the-valley).



	Radial Pulse The pulse at the wrist.



	Radiation therapy the local use of radiation to destroy cancer cells or stop them from dividing and growing.



	radioallergosorbent test (RAST) blood test for allergies that can measure minute quantities of immunoglobulin E (IgE) in blood; used as a test for allergies to foreign substances.



	radioimmunoassay a very sensitive method of detecting minute concentrations of substances, esp. protein-bound hormones in blood plasma. It is based on competitive binding of a radioactively labeled hormone to a specific antibody.



	radioprotective drugs drugs that protect against the lethal or damaging effects of ionizing radiation.



	radiotherapy treatment of disease by the application of various forms of radiation.



	random controlled trial An experimental procedure for assessing the effects of a particular variable (such as a drug) in which patients are assigned on a random basis to either of two groups, experimental or control. The experimental groups receive the drug or treatment, while the control group does not.



	randomization in research studies, a method used to assign subjects to experimental groups. Helps to prevent inadvertent selection bias in the study.



	Randomized controlled trial (RCT) a clinical trial with at least one active treatment group and a control (placebo) group. In RCTs, participants are chosen for the experimental and control groups at random, and are not told whether they are receiving the active or placebo treatment until the end of the study. This type of study design can provide evidence of causality.



	Randomized design an experiment in which participants are chosen for the experimental and control groups at random, in order to reduce bias caused by self-selection into experimental and control groups. This type of study design can provide evidence of causality.



	RAST see "radioallergosorbent test".



	Rating of Perceived Exertion (R.P.E.) A means to quantify the subjective feeling of the intensity of an exercise. Borg scales, charts which describe a range of intensity from resting to maximal energy outputs, are used as a visual aid to exercisers in keeping their efforts in the effective training zone.



	Ratio of Fast, Intermediate and Slow Twitch Fibres A fundamental strength factor relating to the distribution and specific capabilities of fibres within muscle tissue. "Fast twitch" (predominantly white fibre) muscles are stronger and more suited for strength activities. "Slow twitch" (red fibre) muscles are more enduring and suited for long-distance exercise. This ratio can be only slightly changed through training. You must train fast to be fast, and train long to be enduring.



	Raynaud's disease a peripheral vascular disorder characterized by abnormal vasoconstriction of the extremities on exposure to cold or emotional distress. Most common in females aged 18-30. Named after the French physician Maurice Raynaud, 1834-1881.



	RDA see "Recommended Daily Dietary Allowances".



	Recessive trait a trait that is expressed only when two copies of the gene responsible for the trait are present.



	Reciprocal Enervation A phenomenon in which the opposing muscle group is stimulated to relax while the prime mover muscle(s) is simultaneously stimulated to contract, thereby allowing movement to occur.



	Recommended Daily Dietary Allowances(RDA) recommended dietary allowance. Established by the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine, the RDA is the average daily dietary intake level of a nutrient sufficient to meet the requirements of nearly all healthy individuals in a specific life stage and gender group......Estimates established by the National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences for nutritional needs necessary for prevention of nutrient depletion in healthy people. Does not take into account altered requirements due to sickness, injury, physical or mental stress, use of medications or drugs, nor compensate for the nutrient losses that occur during processing and preparation of food. RDA standards do not apply to athletes, who have extraordinary nutrient needs. While they were designed to meet the needs of a majority of people, RDAs are nonetheless far too low for serious athletes and even for fitness enthusiasts who exercise regularly. (See ODA -- Optimal Daily Allowances).



	Recruitment Activation of motor units; the greater the resistance encountered, the greater will be the Rectus recruitment necessary to overcome its inertia.



	Rectum the last portion of the large intestine, connecting the sigmoid colon (above) to the anus (below). The rectum stores stool until it is evacuated from the body.



	Rectus Femoris The long, straight muscle in the front of the thigh which attaches to the knee cap. Part of the quadriceps muscle group.



	Recuperation A physiological process involving full body and muscle recovery and subsequent muscle growth during a rest period between training sessions. Optimum increases in muscle growth or strength occurs only with complete recovery. When you increase the intensity of your workout, there's a price that must be paid. That price is DISCIPLINE in finding ways of improving your recuperative ability. The most important method is called "periodisation" training. There are ancillary methods: Pre-workout meal of low glycemic index foods Pre-workout use of appropriate supplements During-workout use of appropriate supplements Post-exercise cooldown (stretching, callisthenics) Post-cool down whirlpool of affected muscles Post-whirlpool massage of affected muscles Post-massage visualisation training, autogenic training, TM or self-hypnosis Scheduling 5-6 meals daily Ensuring that each meal follows the 1-2-3 rule (1 part of each meal's calories come from fat, 2 parts from protein and 3 parts from carbohydrates) Taking at least one 20-30 minute nap per day Working closely with a sports medicine and or a sports sciences expert Remember: Big muscles take longer to recover than smaller ones Fast twitch muscles (your "explosive" muscles) take longer to recover than slow twitch muscle fibres ("endurance" muscles) You recover faster from slow movements than from fast movements You recover faster from low intensity training than from high intensity training



	Reds Menstrual flow.



	Refill(Products Claims/GNPD) packages that are intended as a refill for an existing product (most likely in non-food).



	Refrigerant (Syn: Febrifuge, Anti-Pyretic)An herb or substance that imparts a cooling sensation to the mucous membranes, allays thirst, and reduces abnormal body heat and fever. Externally it cools by evaporation. (Sanskrit- Dahanashaka) Relieves fever and thirst. Medication that reduces bodily temperature,A cooling remedy. Lowers body temperature. Examples: Aloe, coriander, ginger, hibiscus, orange, lemon, licorice, sandalwood.



	Region(GNPD) Countries covered by the gnpd are grouped by (and searchable by) Region, as follows: Africa and Middle East (Egypt, Israel,Saudi Arabia, South Africa) Asia-Pacific (Australia, China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia,Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, Philippines,Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam) Europe (Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic,Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy,Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK) Latin America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile,Colombia, Guatemala, Mexico) North America (Canada, US)



	Rehabilitation A program to restore physical and psychological independence to persons disabled by illness or injury in the shortest period of time.



	Reins The kidneys, loins.



	Relict (distribution area):a distribution area that is a mere remnant of a formerly wider range. Relict (taxon):a taxon that remains from an earlier geologic time when environmental conditions were different than at present.



	Relaxant (Syn: Calmative, Nervine, Sedative, Tranquilizer):Tends to relax and relieve tension, especially muscular tension.An herb or substance that relaxes, eases, and relieves tension and strain.



	Relaunch(Launch Type/Non-food/GNPD) of an existing product, sometimes involving a change in packaging/formulation.



	Renal (Syn: Diuretic, Nephritic):refers to the kidneys.Pertaining to the kidney.An herb or substance that strengthens, heals, cleanses, or otherwise affects the kidneys, or is used to treat diseases of the kidneys.



	renin an enzyme produced by the kidney that acts on angiotensin to form a precursor substances, angiotensin I. Renin is elevated in some forms of hypertension.



	Repetition An individual completed exercise movement. Repetitions are usually done in multiples. cf. one repetition maximum, set.



	Repetitions Maximum(RM) Repetitions Maximum, Thus, for example, 5RM stands for the maximum amount of weight you can perform for five repetitions.



	Reproductive isolation a condition in which interbreeding between populations is prevent by intrinsic factors of the species themselves.



	residential Land used for human dwellings and activities.



	Residual Volume The volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximum expiration. Must be calculated in the formula for determining body composition through underwater weighing.



	resin an amorphous exudate of certain plants, typically consisting of polysaccharides and oxidized terpenes.



	Resistance The amount of weight used in each set of an exercise, or the force which a muscle is required to work against.



	Resolvent promotes softening and dissipation of inflammatory swelling,Promotes the resolving and removing of abnormal growths, such as a tumor.



	Resorption the process of breaking down or assimilating something. With respect to bone, resorption refers to the breakdown of bone by osteoclasts that results in the release of calcium and phosphate (bone mineral) into the blood.



	Respiration The process that involves the transfer of oxygen to cells and the breakdown of food to release energy. In complex animals, respiration involves the intake of oxygen and the discharge of carbon dioxide;Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and the cells of the body. Includes ventilation (breathing), exchange of gasses to and from the blood in the lungs, transportation of the gasses in the blood, the taking in and utilising of oxygen, and the elimination of waste products by the cells. cf. expiration, inspiration, ventilation.



	Response An immediate, short-term change in physiological functions (such as heart-rate or respiration) brought on by exercise. cf. adaptation.



	Restenosis with respect to the coronary arteries, restenosis refers to the reocclusion of a coronary artery after it has been dilated using coronary angioplasty.



	Rest Interval Pause between sets of an exercise which allows muscles to recover partially before beginning next set.



	Retail Price(GNPD) Retail prices shown are typical prices as recorded at point of sale, or manufacturer¡¯s suggested selling price.



	reticuloendothelial system term applied to the system of mononuclear phagocytes (monocytes and macrophages) located in the reticular connective tissue. These cells are responsible for the phagocytosis of damaged or old cells, cellular debris, foreign substances, and pathogens, removing them from the circulation.



	Retina the nerve layer that lines the back of the eye. In the retina, images created by light are converted to nerve impulses, which are transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve.



	retinopathy,diabetic disorder of the retina occurring as a complication of diabetes.



	Rhagades Fissures in the skin.



	rheology science dealing with the deformation and flow of materials.



	Rheum Watery or catarrhal discharge.



	rheumatism general term for acute and chronic conditions characterized by inflammations, soreness, and stiffness of muscles, and pain in joints and associated structures.



	Rheumatoid arthritis a chronic autoimmune disease, characterized by inflammation of the synovial lining of the joints. Rheumatoid arthritis may also affect other organs of the body, including the skin, eyes, lungs and heart.



	rhinitis inflammation of the nasal mucosa.



	rhinorrhoea thin watery discharge from the nose.



	rhinovirus one of a species of picornaviruses that causes the common cold in humans.



	rhizome Botany: a rootlike stem growing horizontally underground which sends out roots and shoots.Underground horizontal stem with scale leaves at the nodes that bears shoots above and roots below.



	Rice(Food & Drink/Side Dishes/GNPD) all rice and rice-based mixes.



	Rickets often the result of vitamin D deficiency. Rickets affects children while their bones are still growing. It is characterized by soft and deformed bones, and is the result of a impaired incorporation of calcium and phosphate into the skeleton.



	Risk Factor A behaviour, characteristic, symptom or sign that is associated with an increased risk of developing a health problem. Example: Smoking is a risk factor for lung cancer and coronary heart disease. cf. primary risk factor, secondary risk factor.



	RM Acronym for "Repetitions Maximum." Thus, for example, 5RM stands for the maximum amount of weight you can perform for five repetitions.



	Rosette a growthform in which the leaves are arranged in concentric circles or whorls around a central bud.



	Rotator Cuff A band of 4 muscles that hold the arm in the shoulder joint.



	R.P.E. see "Rating of Perceived Exertion".



	rubefacient reddens the skin when applied topically. (Sanskrit- Barlyalepana)a agent that reddens the skin, causing a local congestion in which the vessels become dilated and the supply of blood is increased. An agent that reddens the skin by increasing the circulation when rubbed on the surface. herbs with rubefacient properties are reddening agens that help to increase the flow of the blood to the surface of the skin to aid in healing in cases such as sprains and muscle soreness. Some herbs used for this purpose include black pepper,camphor, capsicum, cloves, eucalyptus, galric, ginger, horseradish,licorice,mustard seed, peppermint oil, pine oil, stinging nettle and thyme oil.

Claims:

Information presented this site meant for nutritional benefit and as an educational starting point only, for use in maintenance and promotion good health in cooperation with a common knowledge base reference...Furthermore,it based solely on the traditional and historic use or legend of a given herb from the garden of Adonis. Although every effort has been made to ensure its accurate, please note that some info may be outdated by more recent findings and developments!