MDidea Exporting Division:Online Glossary:General Glossary S




	Salves and ointments combinations of herbs, wax and oils for external applications.



	sample A portion, piece, or segment regarded as representative of a whole.



	sand Suspended sediment or bed material with a particle-size of 0.062-2.0 mm in diameter.



	saponins glycosides found in some plants which form a lather in aqueous solutions, and cause the hemolysis of red blood cells even in high dilutions.Plant extract that produces soapy bubbles when mixed with water. Saponins can emulsify oils and cause thick mucous to liquify.



	Saprophyte a plant lacking chlorophyll that obtains its nutrients from dead organic matter. The bacteria and fungi of decay are examples, but there are also flowering plants like the white Indian pipes of eastern US Temperate Broadleaf Deciduous Forests or the giant Rafflesia of the Indo-Malyasian formation of the Tropical Braodleaf Evergreen Forest that are saprophytes.



	sarcoma cancer arising from connective tissue such as muscle or bone.



	Sartorius The longest muscle in the body, involved in the movement of the thigh at the hip joint.



	saturated fat term applied to a lipid compound with the maximum number of hydrogen atoms, where there are no double or triple bonds between the carbon atoms. Dietary fat from primarily animal sources. Excessive consumption is the major dietary contributor to total blood cholesterol levels and is linked to increased risk for coronary heart disease.



	Saturated Fatty Acid A saturated fatty acid is an acid which, by definition, has no available bonds in its hydrocarbon chain; all bonds are filled or saturated with hydrogen atoms. Thus the chain of a saturated fatty acid contains no double bond. The saturated fatty acids are more slowly metabolised by the body than are the unsaturated fatty acids. Saturated fatty acids include acetic acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, and steric acid. These acids come primarily from animal sources, with the exception of coconut oil, and are usually solid at room temperature. In the case of vegetable shortening and margarine, oil products have undergone a process called "hydrogenation", in which the unsaturated oils are converted to a more solid form. Other principal sources of saturated fats are milk products and eggs.



	Sauces & Seasonings(Food & Drink/GNPD) Cooking Sauces including pasta sauce,marinades, gravy, and grilling sauces Dressings, Vinegar & Mayonnaise Oils including flavoured and plain varieties. Other Sauces & Seasonings including croutons. Pickled Condiments including pickles and olives. Seasonings including pepper,salt,herbs, etc. plus stock and bouillon cubes. Table Sauces including ketchup,mustard, hot sauce, salsa



	Schirrhi Hard tumours.



	Schizophrenia a debilitating brain disorder that affects about 1% of the world¡¯s population. Symptoms may include hallucinations, delusions, thought disorders, disorders of movement, cognitive deficits, flat affect, lack of pleasure or impaired ability to speak, plan or interact with others. Although its cause is not known, schizophrenia is thought to result from a combination of genetic and environmental factors.



	sciatica Low back pain.severe pain in the leg along the course of the sciatic nerve; felt at the back of the thigh running down the inside of the leg.



	sclerosis a hardening or induration of an organ or tissue, esp. that due to excessive growth of fibrous tissue.



	scotopia adjustment of the eye for vision in dim light; opposite of photopia.



	Screening Comparing individuals to set criteria for inclusion in a fitness program, or for referral to medical evaluation.



	Scrofula See King's-evil.



	scrubland A growth or tract of stunted vegetation.



	Scruple Twenty grains



	scurvy a nutritional deficiency disease characterized by hemorrhagic manifestions and abnormal formation of bones and teeth; results from a deficiency of Vitamin C.a disorder caused by lack of vitamin C. Symptoms include anemia, bleeding gums, tooth loss, joint pain, and fatigue. Scurvy is treated by supplying foods high in vitamin C as well as with vitamin C supplements.



	Seasonal(Products Claim/GNPD) products that are available for a limited or seasonal period (including Christmas/Easter lines, limited edition products, etc.)



	sebaceous glands oil-secreting gland of the skin, usu. associated with hair follicles.



	seborrhea disease of the sebaceous glands characterized by increase in the amount, and often alteration of the quality, of the sebaceous secretions.



	secondary consumer An organism that feeds on primary consumers; a carnivore.



	second of latitude/longitude A unit of measure equal to 1/60 of a minute latitude/longitude.



	Secondary Risk Factor A risk factor that acts when certain other risk factors are present. cf. primary risk factor, risk factor.



	secretagogue an agent which stimulates secreting organs or causes secretion; syn.: secretogogue..



	Secundines The afterbirth.



	sedative an agent that exerts a soothing or tranquilizing effect.Herb that allays excitement, induces relaxation, and is conducive to sleep. Sedative herbs are used to relieve irritability and promote calm and tranquil feelings. Some are catnip, chamomile, cramp bark, dong quai, hawthron, hops, kava kava, lady's slipper, lobelia, passion flower, red clovers, St. John's wort, schizandra, skullcap, valerian and wood betony.



	Sedentary Sitting a lot; not involved in any physical activity that might produce significant fitness benefits.



	Sedge any member of the Cyperacaeae, a family of flowering plants that in their growthform resemble grasses.



	sediment Loose materials such as rock fragments and mineral grains that have been transported by wind, water, or glaciers.



	sediment load Total sediment in a sample of water. There are three categories of sediment: suspended load, dissolved load, and bed load.



	sediment particle size The diameter, in millimeters, of sediment. Particle-size classifications are: 0.00024-0.004 mm (clay); 0.004-0.062 mm (silt); 0.062-2.0 mm (sand); 2.0-64.0 mm (gravel).



	sedimentation The action or process of forming or depositing sediment.



	Seizure uncontrolled electrical activity in the brain, which may produce a physical convulsion, minor physical signs, thought disturbances, or a combination of symptoms.



	Selenium A major nutrient antioxidant along with vitamins A, C and E. No RDA. Dietary sources: wheat germ, bran, tuna.



	sensitive to pollution Organisms that are easily harmed by low levels of pollutants. They are good indicators of clean water because they cannot survive in polluted water.



	sepals Botany: one of the modified leaves comprising a calyx.Outermost floral whorl that serves as a protective enclosure for the petals (COROLLA), STAMENS, and young fruit.



	serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), widespread in the body, that functions as a vasoconstrictive hormone and neurotransmitter..



	serotype in microbiology, a microorganism determined by the kinds and combinations of constituent antigens present in the cells.



	Serrate Toothed along the margin with sharp, forward pointing teeth. Contrast CRENATE.



	serum the watery portion of the blood after coagulation, formed when coagulated blood is left standing long enough for the clot to shrink.the liquid portion of blood, in which the cells are suspended. Serum is separated from blood cells using a centrifuge. Unlike plasma, serum lacks clotting factors because it is obtained from blood that has been allowed to clot.



	serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase(Abbr: SGOT) Synonym for aspartate transaminase (see).



	serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) Synonym for alanine aminotransferase (see).



	sesquiterpenes a class of terpenoid compounds, widespread in plants, which contain 15 carbons, biosynthetically derived from three 5-carbon isoprene units.



	Set A group of repetitions of an exercise movement done consecutively, without rest, until a given number, or momentary exhaustion, is reached. cf. repetition.



	Shaving & Depilatories(Non-food/GNPD) Depilatory Products Shaving Products ¨C including razors and shaving gel/cream for men and women.



	Shelf-stable(Storage/GNPD) "ambient" products, i.e. including the bulk of dry groceries.



	Shin Splints Pain in the front of the lower leg from inflammation of muscle and tendon tissue caused by overuse. cf. overuse.



	Short bowel syndrome a malabsorption syndrome resulting from the surgical removal of an extensive portion of the small intestine.



	Sialagogue(Sialoguge) (Sanskrit- Lalavardhaka)Promotes the flow of saliva,Herbs with this property help to promote the flow and secretion of saliva to aid in the diegestion of starches. Some herbs include Arka, black pepper,bayberry, capsicum,chitrak,echinacea, gentian, ginger, horseradish, hydrangea, licorice, prickly ash, rhubarb and yerba santa.



	Sickle cell anemia a hereditary disease in which a mutation in the gene for one of the proteins that comprises hemoglobin results in the formation of defective hemoglobin molecules known as hemoglobin S. Individuals who are homozygous for this mutation (possess two genes for hemoglobin S) have red blood cells that change from the normal discoid shape to a sickle shape when the oxygen supply is low. These sickle-shaped cells are easily trapped in capillaries and damaged, resulting in severe anemia. Individuals who are heterozygous for the mutation (possess one gene for hemoglobin S and one normal hemoglobin gene) have increased resistance to malaria.



	Side Dishes(Food & Drink/GNPD) Stuffing, Polenta & Other Side Dishes including stuffing,polenta and couscous, Yorkshire pudding. Pasta all pasta (dry, fresh, frozen,canned) including filled varieties. Potato Products all potato products,including frozen, chilled and shelf-stable items. Rice all rice and rice-based mixes.



	Sideroblastic anemia a group of anemias that are all characterized by the accumulation of iron deposits in the mitochondria of immature red blood cells. These abnormal red blood cells do not mature normally, and many are destroyed in the bone marrow before reaching the circulation. Sideroblastic anemias can be hereditary, idiopathic (unknown cause), or caused by such diverse factors as certain drugs, alcohol, or copper deficiency.



	Signal transduction pathway a cascade of events that allows a signal outside a cell to result in a functional change inside the cell. Signal transduction pathways play important roles in regulating numerous cellular functions in response to changes in a cell¡¯s environment.



	Silicic acid Substance that plants absorb from the soil. Horsetail, borage, and grasses are high in silicic acid.



	Silicon A non-essential mineral. Tissues such as arteries, tendons, skin, connective tissue, cornea and sclera (white of the eye) contain relatively large amounts of silicon. Collagen, the protein glue that holds us together, contains silicon in silanolate form. While vitamin C functions only as a catalyst in the formation of collagen, silicon is actually a structural part of collagen. Silicon containing substances are found in all cartilage and in the material binding cells together. Silicon may be needed for proper bone structure and growth.



	Simple Carbohydrates Simple carbohydrates are monosaccharides and disaccharides occurring naturally in fruits, vegetables, and dairy products. Some examples of simple carbohydrates are glucose, galactose, and fructose, all of which are monosaccharides and, sucrose, lactose, and maltose, all of which are disaccharides. Most simple carbohydrates elevate blood sugar levels rapidly, providing "instant energy" which is quickly utilised and dissipated. Fructose is an exception. Additionally, refined sources of simple carbohydrates, such as candy, contribute only calories to the diet. These "empty calories" are often consumed in place of foods which would provide important nutrients in addition to the energy.



	Simpler A herb doctor.



	Simples Medicinal herbs.



	sinusitis inflammation of the sinuses, esp. a paranasal sinus.



	Sjogren's syndrome syndrome occurring in post-menopausal women including rheumatoid arthritis, xerostomia (dryness of the mouth), and keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dryness of the conjunctiva due to decreased tearing). Thought to be an immunologic disorder.



	Skeletal Muscle Muscle that attaches to the skeletal system and causes body movement by a shortening or pulling action against its bony attachment.



	Skincare(Non-food/GNPD) Body Care including hand creams Facial Care including lip balm,facial wipes and tinted moisturisers from skincare companies (excludes tinted moisturisers from cosmetic companies ,these are classified under Cosmetics ?Facial Colour Cosmetics) Foot Care including corn plasters,medicated foot plasters Sun Care including after-sun products



	Slow Twitch Fibres Muscle fibre type that contracts slowly and is used most in moderate-intensity, endurance exercises, such as distance running. cf. fast-twitch fibres.



	Small intestine the part of the digestive tract that extends from the stomach to the large intestine. The small intestine includes the duodenum (closest to the stomach), the jejunum, and the ileum (closest to the large intestine).



	Smooth Muscle Involuntary muscle tissue found in the walls of almost every organ of the body.



	Snacks(Food & Drink/GNPD) Hors d'euvres/Canapes including frozen and chilled items which require preparation. Meat Snacks including jerky, snack sausage, pork scratching etc. Nuts all types of nut packaged and positioned as a snack. Savoury/Salty Snacks all types of (ready-to-eat) savoury or salty snacks, including popcorn; also includes biscuit/dip or spread combinations (but only if the dip/spread accompaniment is savoury. Snack Bars, Snack Mixes &Energy Bars including energy bars, granola bars, "health" bars, snack mix, trail mix.



	Soap & Bath Products(Non-food/GNPD) Bath Additives body care products for use in the bath (excluding liquid & bar soaps), including bath foams, bath salts; excludes bath sponges (these are classified under Other Household Products) Liquid & Bar Soap including liquid soaps (not shower products) primarily used for hand washing Shower Products all body washes primarily positioned for use in the shower, may also include 2-in-1 hair & body washes



	Sodium An essential mineral for proper growth, and nerve and muscle tissue function. A diet high in salt (40% of salt is sodium) causes a potassium imbalance and is associated with high blood pressure. No RDA. Dietary sources: salt, shellfish, celery, beets, artichokes.



	solid extract solid or semisolid extracts prepared from native extracts by adjusting to the correct strength with suitable diluents.



	somatic 1. pertaining to nonreproductive cells or tissues; 2. pertaining to the body or structures of the body.



	somatostatin a hypothalamic peptide hormone that inhibits the release of somatotropin, insulin, and gastrin.



	Somatotype see Endomorph, Ectomorph and Mesomorph.



	Soporific Herbs that help to produce sleep.



	Soup(Food & Drink/GNPD) Includes all types of soup, wet and dry, hot- and cold-eating.



	Spasm The involuntary contraction of a muscle or muscle group in a sudden, violent manner.



	Spasmolytic Medication that relieves muscular cramps or spasms.



	Spatulate Spoon-shaped; rounded above and constricted below.



	species A group of organisms that share similar characteristics and can interbreed with one another to produce fertile offspring.groups of actually or potentially interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups. The lowest taxonomic rank and presumably only real taxonomic unit in nature.



	Speciation the process by which new species arise. The process by which discontinuities between populations occur due to the development of mechanisms creating the reproductive isolation of one population from the other. Allopatric speciation: species formation that occurs during geographic isolation of populations. Generally believed to be the most common way in which new species arise, especially among the higher animals. Sympatric speciation: the formation of new species without geographic isolation; the acquisition of reproductively isolating mechanism among individuals coexisting in the same area. Not infrequent in plants.



	Speed-Strength A type of strength typically referred to as power. Power, however, is an inadequate term as it does not differentiate between the two important types of speed-strength. 1.Starting strength involves turning on a maximum number of muscle fibres instantly in any given movement. Ballistic athletes, such as a sprinter, need this strength the most to make his muscles fire simultaneously with each stride. A boxer does the same with each punch, a baseball pitcher each time he hurls. 2.Explosive strength describes the firing of muscles fibres over a longer period of time after initial activation, for the purpose of pushing, pulling or moving a weighted object. Examples: weightlifting, shot-put and football.



	Spice A plant product, such as the bark, seeds, buds, fruit, stems or roots` which have a definite flavor, aroma, intensity, and color to be used for enhancing the taste and smell of foods. Generally used in a dried form, traditional spices include: ajowan, allspice, anice, annatto, asofoetida, celery seed, caraway, cardamom, cassia, chili, cinnamon, cloves, cumin, curry powder, fenugreek, galangal, ginger, juniper, mace, mustard, nigella, nutmeg, paprika, poppy seeds, pepper, saffron, salt, sassafras, sesame seeds, sumac, tamarind, turmeric, and vanilla.



	Spina bifida a birth defect, also known as a neural tube defect, resulting from failure of the lower end of the neural tube to close during embryonic development. Spina bifida, the most common cause of infantile paralysis, is characterized by a lack of protection of the spinal cord by its membranes and vertebral bones.



	Spinal Nerves The 31 pairs of nerves radiating outward from the spinal cord which relay impulses to and from the skeletal muscles.



	spondylitis inflammation of one or more vertebrae, esp. tuberculous disease of the vertebrae.



	Sprain A stretching or tearing of ligaments. Severity ratings of sprains are: first-degree, partial tearing; third-degree, complete tears. cf. strains.



	Spreads(Food & Drink/GNPD) Savoury Spreads including dips. Sweet Spreads including jam, jelly,honey, peanut butter, breakfast syrup.



	Sprue also known as celiac sprue and celiac disease, it is an inherited disease in which the intestinal lining is inflamed in response to the ingestion of a protein known as gluten. Treatment of celiac disease involves the avoidance of gluten, which is present in many grains, including wheat, rye, oats, and barley. Inflammation and atrophy of the lining of the small intestine leads to impaired nutrient absorption.



	Squarrose Abruptly spreading or recurved above the base.



	Starch Starch is a polysaccharide made of glucose linked together. The body must convert starch into glucose which can be utilised for immediate energy or converted to glycogen and stored in the liver for later energy needs. It exists throughout the vegetable kingdom, its chief commercial sources being the cereals and potatoes.



	St Anthony's fire Erysipelas, an acute inflammatory disease involving the skin.



	Stamen Pollen-bearing male organ of the flower.



	Static Contraction See isometric Contraction:A muscular contraction in which the muscle retains its length while increasing in tension, but no movement occurs. Also called static contraction.



	Status the state of nutrition of an individual with respect to a specific nutrient. Diminished or low status indicates inadequate supply or stores of a specific nutrient for optimal physiological functioning.



	Steady State The physiological stare, during sub-maximal exercise, where oxygen uptake and heart rate level off, energy demands and energy production are balanced, and the body can maintain the level of exertion for an extended period of time.



	stenosis obstruction or narrowing of a passage. Coronary stenosis refers specifically to obstruction or narrowing of a coronary artery, which supplies blood to the heart muscle (myocardium).constriction or narrowing of a passage or orifice; syn.: stricture.



	steroid an organic compound incorporating a perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene nucleus.



	Steroids Naturally-occurring and synthetic chemicals that include some hormones, bile acids, and other substances. See anabolic steroids.



	Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) erythema multiforme. Named after U.S. pediatricians Albert M. Stevens 1884-1945, and Frank C. Johnson, 1894-1934.



	stigma Part of the PISTIL that receives pollen.



	stigmasterol a steroid compound widely distributed in plants.



	Stimulant (Sanskrit- Agni-sthapaniya or Dipana) Herb that increases the activity or efficiency of a system or organ; acts more rapidly than a tonic. These herbs help to inrease the function of the body energy leels, circulation, and help eliminate toxins. herbs with stimulant properties are angelica,barberry extract,boneset,camphor,capsicum(cayenne), damiana, devil's claw, echinacea, elder flowers, elecampane, ephedra, false unicorn, garlic, gentian, ginger, ginkgo biloba, ginseng,gotu kola,guggul,ho-shou-wu, milk thistle,myrrh, prickley ash bark, saffron,sandalwood,sarsaparilla root and suma,yellow thistle juice.



	stolon Botany: a horizontal branch from the base of a plant that produces new plants from buds at its tip or nodes, as in the strawberry; syn. runner (Above ground or underground side shoots that grow from the base of the stem, the flower rosette, the mother plant, or the root crown. Also called a runner.).



	stomachic (Sanskrit- Kshudha-vardhaniya) promotes the functional activity of the stomach,Herbs that give strength and tone to the stomach, medicine that stimulates the action of the stomach,stimulate digestion, and improve the appetite. Stomachics strengthen and tone the stomach. herbs in the stomachic category included agrimony,Amalaki,anise, barberry, basil,bilwa, black pepper,caraway,cardamom,cedar,celery,chitrak,cumin,chinchina,cloves, dandelion,gentian,ginger,ginseng, gymnema, hops,horseradish,licorice,papaya, peach, pennyroyal, quassia, rhubarb, rosehips,turmeric and watercress.



	stomatitis, vesicular an inflammation of the mouth, consisting of solitary or multiple ulcers of the oral cavity that tend to recur; syn. aphthous ulcer.



	Stone A stone-like concretion formed in the urinary tract or in the gall bladder.



	Storage(Non-food/GNPD) Food and drink products are classified by storage, as follows: Chilled items that have to be kept refrigerated (typically between 0^oC/32^oF and approximately 10^oC/50^oF); this excludes items that are shelf-stable but which may be sold or stored refrigerated e.g. carbonated soft drinks. Frozen items that have to be kept frozen, below 0^oC/32^oF. Shelf-stable "ambient" products,i.e. including the bulk of dry groceries



	Strangler a plant that begins life as an epiphyte in the canopy of a forest and sends its roots down the trunk of a host tree and into the substrate. The roots may form a thick woody net around the host's trunk, but it is apparently the foliage of the strangler that eventually kills the host by blocking sunlight from the latter's leaves. A type of growthform found in tropical forests.



	Strangury Painful urination drop by drop.



	Strength Training Using resistance weight training to build maximum muscle force is the traditional way of defining the practice of strength training. However, a more global definition would account for the metabolic circumstances under which force is being applied (i.e., the energy contribution from ATP/CP, glycolytic or oxidative sources).



	Stress The general physical and psychological response of an individual to any real or perceived adverse stimulus, internal or external, that tends to disturb the individual's homeostasis. Stress that is excessive or reacted to inappropriately, may cause disorders.



	Stress Fracture A partial or complete fracture of a bone because of the remodelling processes inability to keep up with the effects of continual, rhythmic, non-violent stresses on the bone. cf. overuse.a hairline or microscopic break in a bone, usually due to repetitive stress rather than trauma. Stress fractures are usually painful, and may be undetectable by X-ray. Though they may occur in almost any bone, common sites of stress fractures are the tibia (lower leg) and metatarsals (foot).



	Stretching Lengthening a muscle to its maximum extension; moving a joint to the limits of its extension.



	Stretch Reflex To prevent over-extension and serious injury to muscles and tendons, muscles are equipped with specialised nerve cells (spindles) that "apply the brakes" when elasticity maximum is reached. Careful ballistic training augmented with plyometric drills can heighten the threshold of the stretch reflex mechanism and improve strength-generating ability.



	Stroke tdamage that occurs to a part of the brain when its blood supply is suddenly interrupted (ischemic stroke) or when a blood vessel ruptures and bleeds into the brain (hemorrhagic stroke). A stroke is also called a cerebrovascular accident (CVA).



	Structure the physical arrangement or spatial patterns of the components of an ecosystem, especially the plant life. Includes growthforms, number of canopy layers, degree of cover, distribution patterns of species within the ecosystem (patches, for example). Structure may also refer to the organization of the ecosystem in terms of trophic levels.



	styptic arrests bleeding through a strongly astringent action; An agent that checks haemorrhage.contracting a blood vessel, or contracting a hemorrhage by astringent action; an agent that stops hemorrhage. (Sanskrit- Raktha-sthambana) Astringent: arrests hemorrhage and bleeding. Causes vascular contraction of the blood vessels or coagulation of the albuminous tissues of the blood. Checks hemorrhage. Examples: adrenaline, alum.



	Subclinical without clinical signs or symptoms; sometimes used to describe the early stage of a disease or condition, before symptoms are detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests.



	Sub-maximal Less than maximum. Sub-maximal exercise requires less than one's maximum. oxygen uptake, heart rate, or anaerobic power. Usually refers to intensity of the exercise, but may be used to refer to duration.



	submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) Benthic plants that grow totally under water. (e.g., .hydrilla, coon tail, wild celery, eel grass).



	Subspecies a geographically defined aggregate of local populations which differ phenotypically from other such subdivisions of a species in other geographic areas.



	substance P a 11-amino acid neuropeptide that functions as a neurotransmitter in the pain fiber system, and also in mediating localized inflammations.



	Succinates Succinic acids biological activities are varied. Their chief function is in their enzyme activity, but they also combine with protein to rebuild muscle fibre and nerve endings, and help fight infection.



	Succinates Succinic acids biological activities are varied. Their chief function is in their enzyme activity, but they also combine with protein to rebuild muscle fibre and nerve endings, and help fight infection.



	Succulent a plant that is able to store water in its tissues and then withdraw it during times of drought. Water storage tissue may be found in the stem, leaves, or roots depending on the species. Stem succlulents, leaf succulents, and root succulents are types of growthforms.



	Sucrose Sucrose is a sweet disaccharide that occurs naturally in most land plants and is the simple carbohydrate obtained from sugarcane, sugar beet and other sources. It is hydrolysed in the intestine by sucrose to glucose and fructose.



	Sudorific Herbs that cause heavy perspiration, Medication that increases perspiration.



	sulcate furrowed or grooved.



	Sulphur A mineral of major structural importance to proteins, enzymes, antibodies, skin and hair. No RDA. Dietary sources: beans, beef, eggs.



	superoxide dismutase an enzyme that destroys superoxide.



	superoxide,superoxide radical a highly reactive form of oxygen, the superoxide anion, produced when oxygen is reduced by a single electron. Produced as a by-product of certain metabolic reactions.



	Supplement a nutrient or phytochemical supplied in addition to that which is obtained in the diet.



	Sweeteners & Sugar(Food & Drink/GNPD) Includes all types of artificial sweetener. Excludes honey (see Sweet Spreads).



	sympathetic nervous system part of the autonomic nervous system consisting of ganglia, nerves, and plexuses that supply the involuntary muscles.



	sympathomimetic adrenergic.



	Sympatric literally, "same country"; refers to distribution areas of different species that overlap.



	sympetalous Botany: having fused or united petals; syn. gamopetalous.



	Syncarp A multiple or aggregate fleshy fruit as in the mulberry or blackberry.



	Syncope Fainting. A temporary loss of consciousness from insufficient blood flow to the brain.



	Syndrome a combination of symptoms that occur together and is indicative of a specific condition or disease.



	Synergism The combined effect of two or more parts of forces or agents which is greater than the sum of the individual effects. Example: the synergistic effect of a multiple vitamin and mineral formula compared to the benefits of one or two vitamins.



	synergistic acting together. In botanical medicine, the notion that therapeutic efficacy results from the combined actions of multiple active constituents, rather than a single constituent.when the effect of two treatments together is greater than the sum of the effects of the two individual treatments, the effect is said to be synergistic.



	syrup a concentrated solution of sugar in water. Often used as a carrier substance for medicinal ingredients.



	Systematic review a structured review of the literature designed to answer a clearly formulated question. Systematic reviews use systematic and explicitly predetermined methods to identify, select and critically evaluate research relevant to the question, and to collect and analyze data from the studies that are included in the review. Statistical methods, such as meta-analysis, may be used to summarize the results of the included studies.



	Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) a chronic autoimmune disease, characterized by inflammation of the connective tissue. SLE is more common in women than men, and may result in inflammation and damage to the skin, joints, blood vessels, lungs, heart and kidneys.



	systole that part of the heart beat cycle in which the heart is in contraction.The contraction, or time of contraction, of the heart. cf. diastole



	Systolic blood pressure Blood pressure during the contraction of the heart muscle...the highest arterial pressure measured during the heart beat cycle, and the first number in a blood pressure reading (e.g., 120/80).cf. blood pressure.

Claims:

Information presented this site meant for nutritional benefit and as an educational starting point only, for use in maintenance and promotion good health in cooperation with a common knowledge base reference...Furthermore,it based solely on the traditional and historic use or legend of a given herb from the garden of Adonis. Although every effort has been made to ensure its accurate, please note that some info may be outdated by more recent findings and developments!