MDidea Exporting Division:Online Glossary:General Glossary T




	T cell lymphoid cells from the bone marrow, that migrate to the thymus gland and develop into mature lymphocytes; syn.: T lymphocytes.



	tachycardia abnormally rapid heart beat.Excessively rapid heart rate. Usually describes a pulse of more than 100 beats per minute at rest. cf. bradycardia.



	tachycardia, ventricular a series of beats arising from a ventricular focus at a rate greater than 100 beats per minute.



	tachyphylaxis rapid immunization to a toxic dose of a substance, achieved by injecting small doses of the substance.



	tannin Plant substances that are able to bind proteins of the skin, transforming them into resistant, insoluble substances.Acidic substances found in the bark of certain plants. Tannins are divided into two classes, condensed tannins and hydrolyzable tannins.



	Target Heart Rate (THR) The heart rate at which one aims to exercise at a ¡°THR¡± of 60 to 90 percent of maximum heart rate reserve.



	taxa Categories in the biological classification system for all living organisms. They are used to help organize information about the natural world.



	Taxon any one of the levels in the taxonomic hierarchy: Kingdom: One of the major subdivisions of life; based upon basic similarities in cell structure. Five kingdoms are recognized: Monera, Protoctista, Fungi, Animalia, and Plantae. Phylum: A subdivision of a kingdom encompassing all forms of life with the same distinctive body plan. [plural = phyla]. Class: a higher taxon consisting of one or more orders and distinct from other taxa of similar rank Order: a higher taxon consisting of one or more families and distinct from other taxa of similar rank. Family: a taxonomic level including one or more genera of common phylogenetic origin and distinct from taxa of the same rank. [The Latin names of animal families end in "-idae".] Genus: a taxonomic category including one or more species with a presumed recent common ancestor. Species: groups of actually or potentially interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups. The lowest taxonomic rank and presumably only real taxonomic unit in nature.



	Taxonomy the science of classifying and identifying organisms. The modern classification of organisms reflects their presumed phylogeny.



	tea 1. an infusion of a medicinal plant in water; 2. the leaves of the tea plant, Camellia sinensis, or a beverage made from the leaves.



	Tendon A band or cord of strong, fibrous (collagenous) tissue that connects muscles to bone.



	Tendonitis Inflammation of a tendon.



	Telogen Phase Is a resting mode 3 to 4 months prior to the anagen phase starting all over again. This phase usually lasts 100 days. Approximately 10 to 15% of all hairs are in this state of rest at anygiven time.



	Tertile one third of a sample or population.



	Testing Protocol A specific plan for the conducting of a testing situation; usually following an accepted standard.



	Tetany a condition of prolonged and painful spasms of the voluntary muscles, especially the fingers and toes (carpopedal spasm) as well as the facial musculature.



	Tetters A form of herpes, ringworm or eczema.



	Tetrahydrofolic acid The coenzyme tetrahydrofolic acid is derived in humans from the B-complex vitamin folic acid. This coenzyme and its close relatives participate in the transfer of various carbon fragments from one molecule to another; they are, for instance, involved in the synthesis of methionine and thymine.



	teratogenic causing abnormal development of the embryo.



	tertiary consumer A carnivore that feeds on other carnivores.



	Thalassemia major Beta thalassemia is a genetic disorder that results in abnormalities of the globin (protein) portion of hemoglobin. An individual who is homozygous for the beta thalassemia gene (has two copies of the beta thalassemia gene) is said to have thalassemia major. Infants born with thalassemia major develop severe anemia a few months after birth, accompanied by pallor, fatigue, poor growth, and frequent infections. Blood transfusions are used to treat thalassemia major but cannot cure it.



	Thalassemia minor Individuals who are heterozygous for the beta thalassemia gene (carry one copy of the beta thalassemia gene) are said to have thalassemia minor or thalassemia trait. These individuals are generally healthy but can pass the beta thalassemia gene to their children and are said to be carriers of the beta thalassemia gene.



	Theriaca Treacle or molasses.



	Thiamine pyrophosphate Thiamine pyrophosphate is derived from another B-complex vitamin, thiamine. This coenzyme often plays a role in the removal of carboxyl (-COOH) groups from organic acids, releasing the carbon and oxygen atoms as carbon dioxide (CO2). This coenzyme, for example, helps to remove a carboxyl group from pyruvic acid, leaving behind an acetyl group, which it donates to lipoic acid; the lipoic acid then transfers the acetyl group to coenzyme A, which finally inserts it into the beginning of the Krebs cycle. This important three-step enzymatic process requires the participation of three coenzymes; hundreds of other biochemical reactions require coenzymes as well, and this serves to explain the great significance of those molecules in the functioning of living organisms. In the case of human beings, it also serves to explain the importance of proper dietary intake of vitamins, which provide the only source of certain ¡°building blocks¡± for several of these coenzymes.



	THR see Target Heart Rate.



	threatened species A species that is close to being endangered.



	Threshold the point at which a physiological effect begins to be produced, for example, the degree of stimulation of a nerve which produces a response or the level of a chemical in the diet that results in a disease.



	thrombocytopenia abnormal decrease in the number of blood platelets.



	thrombophlebitis inflammation of a vein associated with formation of a thrombus (blood clot).



	thrombosis the formation or existence of a blood clot within the vascular system.



	thromboxane A2 (TXA2) an unstable compound synthesized in platelets and other cells from prostaglandin PGH2 - it aggregates platelets and is a potent vasoconstrictor.



	thrombus a blood clot that obstructs a blood vessel or a heart cavity.



	thymic pertaining to the thymus gland.



	Thyroid follicular cancer a cancer of the thyroid gland that constitutes about 30% of all thyroid cancers. It has a greater rate of recurrence and metastases (spreading to other organs) than thyroid papillary cancer.



	thyroid gland an endocrine gland in the neck, anterior to and partially surrounding the thyroid cartilage and upper rings of the trachea. It produces various active substances including thyroxine.



	Thyroid papillary cancer the most common form of thyroid cancer, which most often affects women of childbearing age. Thyroid papillary cancer has a lower rate of recurrence and metastases (spreading to other organs) than thyroid follicular cancer.



	thyroxine 3,5,3',5'-tetraiodothyronine, hormone produced by the thyroid gland. It is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.



	tincture(Tinctures) A solution of the active principal of an herb in alcohol;an alcoholic extract of a vegetable or animal substance. Tinctures typically contain 10-20% of the crude drug.Infusions with an alcohol base. They are very concentrated, long lasting, and stable.



	tinnitus a ringing in the ear.



	tolerance capacity for enduring a large amount of a substance (food, drug, or poison) without an adverse effect, and showing decreased sensitivity to subsequent doses of the substance. With medications, tolerance can lead to a gradual loss of effectiveness. The ability to endure; resistance to toxic substances or other pollutants.



	tonic Herbs that restore and strengthen the entire system. Produces and restores normal tone. A general tonic would be one that braces up the whole system. produces or restores normal tone to the functions and tissues of the body; a medicine that increases strength and tone.Herbs that restore and strengthen the entire system. Produces and restores normal tone. A general tonic would be one that braces up the whole system. Example: Aloe, bala, barberry, chirayata, guduchi, katuka, gentian, goldenseal.



	Tonic (nutritive) (Aanskrit- Bruhangana karma) Permanently increases the tone of a part of the body, or the entire system by nourishing and increasing weight. Example: Amataki, ashwagandha, cane sugar, coconut, coriander, dates.



	Tonics, Reiuvenative (Sanskrit- Rasayana karma): Regenerates cells and tissues; promotes longevity. Examples: Ashwagandha, guggul, haritaki, calamus, aloe, amalaki, gotu kola, saffron, guggul.



	topical pertaining to a definite area, or localized application to the skin.applied to the skin or other body surface.



	total dissolved solids (TDS) Dissolved and suspended solids in water; material left behind after a water sample is filtered and evaporated. Rainwater will have TDS less than 10ppm; municipal water systems will have TDS less than 500 ppm.



	Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) intravenous (I.V.) feeding that provides patients with essential nutrients when they are too ill to eat normally.



	total phosphorus A test that measures all the forms of phosphorus in a sample.



	toxic A substance that is harmful or, in some cases, poisonous, if ingested or touched. A substance that damages the pristine state of the environment.



	toxicology the scientific study of toxic substances, including their chemistry, pharmacology, and prevention and treatment of exposure to toxins.



	Traction alopecia Hair loss caused by physical stress and tension on the hair such as prolonged use of hair weaving, corn rows etc. Done too tightly on weak hair these can cause permanent hair loss.



	traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) a system of ethnomedicine based on the use of herbal medicines and other therapies originating and derived from Chinese folk medicine. Key concepts in TCM are harmony with nature, the five elements, and balance between yin and yang.



	tragacanth resinous exudate from Astragalus gummifer and related plants. Used as a greaseless lubricant and a topical application for chapped skin.



	Training Zone See target heart rate.



	Transcendental Meditation (TM) An effortless meditation technique scientifically shown to sweep away energy-sapping mental and physical stress and deep-rooted fatigue. Among athletes it improves energy, reaction time, workout recovery, mental alertness and co-ordination.



	Transient ischemic attack (TIA) sometimes called a small or mini stroke. TIAs are caused by a temporary disturbance of blood supply to an area of the brain, resulting in a sudden, brief (usually less than 1 hour) disruptions in certain brain functions.



	Trauma an injury or wound.



	Travail Painful or laborious childbirth.



	Tremor trembling or shaking of all or a part of the body.



	Troches Lozenges.



	triazolam a member of the class of benzodiazepine anxiolytics, with sedative, hypnotic, and anxiolytic actions. Widely sold under the trade name Halcion.



	Trichomonad Parasitic protozoan that sometimes infects the genitals.



	triglyceride syn.: triacylglycerols or neutral fats.;combinations of glycerol with three of five different fatty acids; Triglycerides are a combination of glycerol with three fatty acids: stearic acid, oleic acid, and palmitic acid.



	Trimethylaminuria a hereditary disorder characterized by increased urinary excretion of trimethylamine, a compound with a ¡°fishy¡± or foul odor.



	triterpenes a class of terpenoid substances based on a 30 carbon structure, Triterpenoids are widespread in plants and include many saponins and sterols.



	trophic concerned with nourishment. Applied to a type of efferent nerves which control the growth and nourishment of the parts they innervate.



	Troponin A protein that reacts with calcium to set the contractile mechanism into action within muscle fibres.



	tuberculosis infectious disease caused by the tubercle bacillus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Characterized by inflammation, formation of tubercles (nodules), necrosis, abscesses, fibrosis, and calcification; esp. of part of the respiratory system.an infection caused by bacteria called mycobacteria tuberculosis. Many people infected with tuberculosis have no symptoms because it is dormant. Once active, tuberculosis may cause damage to the lungs and other organs. Active tuberculosis is also contagious and is spread through inhalation. Treatment of tuberculosis involves taking antibiotics and vitamins for at least 6 months.



	Tussock a hummock of grasses or sedges bound together by their roots.



	tumor necrosis factor a monokine produced by activated phagocytes, which stimulates leukocytosis, fever, and necrosis of some tumors.



	[Type 1][Type 2] 5 alpha reductase [Type 1] 5 alpha reductase produces 30~40% of DHT converting hormone Testosterone to DHT....[Type 2] 5 alpha reductase produces 70~60% of DHT converting hormone Testosterone to DHT. When the testosterone present in the follicle combines with the enzyme 5 alpha reductase, it produces dihydrotestosterone (DHT).



	type I diabetes see diabetes mellitus:Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease that destroys the body's ability to produce insulin, a hormone that helps the body stash various nutrients in cells. This form of the disease, which most often develops in childhood, accounts for 5 to 10 percent of cases. Type 1 diabetes has previously been referred to as juvenile diabetes. It is primarily diagnosed in young adults and children. It is a condition where one's body does not produce any insulin. It is necessary for the body to have insulin to properly utilize the intake of sugar. Sugar is fuel for the cells, and insulin is the carrier of the sugar to the cells. There are risk factors that increase the likelihood of getting Type 1 diabetes. Research indicates that genetics is high on the list for causes of the disease. Other risk factors include autoimmune conditions such as pernicious anemia, Grave's disease, Addison's disease, and Hashimoto's disease. Ethnicity is also a factor with those of Mediterranean or Northern European ancestry having an increased risk of developing Type 1 diabetes.



	type II diabetes see diabetes mellitus:Type 2 diabetes usually develops in adulthood and is caused by either the body's inability to make enough, or to effectively use, insulin. This form of diabetes accounts for 90 to 95 percent of cases. Women can develop a form of type 2 diabetes during pregnancy called gestational diabetes. Approximately 40 percent of women with gestational diabetes who are obese before pregnancy develop type 2 diabetes within four years. Type 2 diabetes can be a result of the body not producing enough insulin or the cells simply ignoring the insulin. It is the most common type of diabetes. When the glucose (or sugar) is stored in the blood instead of going into the cells, it starves one's cells for energy. If this continues over a period of time, the elevated glucose levels can do damage to one's kidneys, heart, eyes, or nerves. It is critical to eat regularly in order to keep blood glucose levels in control. Eat at the same time every day, and never go more than six hours without eating. It is best to eat three meals with a snack between. Limit the amount of sweets such as candy, honey, sugar, and regular sodas. Avoiding or limiting foods with high fat content, such as chips and fried foods, is also necessary. If you eat foods that are high in fiber and drink plenty of water, you will feel full and not have the urge to snack on junk, which will help you maintain a healthy diet, and thus, keep your body in balance. If you keep your blood sugar in a normal range or as close to normal as you can, it will reduce the risk of long-term complications. The first step in Type 2 diabetes control is the proper diet. It is critical to follow the nutritional instructions from your healthcare professional. However, you may find that maintaining a strict diet is not adequate to keep your blood sugar within the safe boundaries.



	Typhoid an infectious disease, spread by the contamination of food or water supplies with the bacteria called salmonella typhi. Food and water can be contaminated directly by sewage or indirectly by flies or poor hygiene. Though rare in the U.S., it is common in some parts of the world. Symptoms include fever, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and a rash. It is treated with antibiotics and intravenous fluids. Vaccination is recommended to those traveling to areas where typhoid is common.

Claims:

Information presented this site meant for nutritional benefit and as an educational starting point only, for use in maintenance and promotion good health in cooperation with a common knowledge base reference...Furthermore,it based solely on the traditional and historic use or legend of a given herb from the garden of Adonis. Although every effort has been made to ensure its accurate, please note that some info may be outdated by more recent findings and developments!